Developmental Profile †Cognitive

The classroom is the venue with which a child learns how to use his/her cognitive abilities for greater understanding and mastery of educational skills like reading, problem solving, critical thinking and hypothesis testing. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development shows that each person undergoes cognitive milestones which have to be attained by a child before he/she can go into the next stage. Each stage is composed of cognitive skills that have to do with the cognitive processing of information (Atherton, 2005).For example, in the early stages a child first knows that he/she is separate from other people. Next, he/she is able to use language and can identify objects and what they represent. The school age child normally is able to think logically; makes use of number, mass and weight conservation and classify objects in terms of various characteristics. The last stage is when the child can think abstractly and test hypothesis as well as be concerned with ideological thinkin g and problems (Atherton, 2005).The classroom offers different activities that promote the learning of this cognitive sills, as well as delivering information and knowledge in ways that are cognitively appropriate for their age. This developmental profile report shows how the teacher supports the cognitive development of her students through the instructional approaches he/she uses in the classroom. Ms. Lisa is a 4th grade teacher, she is well aware that children are still in the concrete stage and that they are more able to understand the lessons if it is presented using concrete examples and models that the children could touch and feel or observe.For today’s lesson, Miss Lisa is introducing the concept of classifications; she has Amber, Stacy and Luis to help her in the lesson presentation. Ms. Lisa presents the 3 children with colored balls and in different shapes, She firsts asks Amber to describe what she sees and then to arrange the balls in size. Amber seems to smile because she knows that her task is very simple, she first places the golf ball in the line, followed by the baseball, then the volleyball and the basketball. Ms.Lisa check Amber’s work and is satisfied, she then asks the class why the balls are correctly lined up. Now Ms. Lisa tells Stacy to arrange the balls by color, Stacy claps gleefully as she proceeds to arrange the balls with the golf, baseball and volleyball on one side and the basketball on the other side. Stacy seeks the approval of her teacher as she asks whether her answer is correct. Ms. Lisa tells her it is correct and she smiles even more. Finally, Ms. Lisa tells Luis to arrange the balls in shape.The class fell silent and Luis scratched his head and made inquisitive looks to his teacher. He approached the balls not really sure of what to do since all the balls looked the same. Then Ms. Lisa encouraged him to go and try out his answer so he would know if it was right or not. In an instant, Luis eyes brightened a nd became rounder, he then went to the balls more confident and then went on to lump the balls in one pile. He smiled and said â€Å"that’s it, they are all round, and they are balls†. Ms. Lisa smiles and tells the class that Luis is right. The process that Ms.Lisa used to demonstrate classification of different characteristics using the same objects showed that the children have achieved the ability to classify objects, in the process the teacher have contributed to the self-esteem and confidence of the student in working with her class demonstration. Amber definitely knows she has the right answer and Ms. Lisa did not have to encourage her, on the other hand Stacy was unsure but tried her best, and Ms. Lisa affirmed her answer. Ms. Lisa however spent more time with Luis since he had difficulty with the task, but in a moment of insightful thinking, he was able to give the correct answer. Reference Atherton, J. (2005).   Learning and Teaching:   Piaget's developmental theory. Retrieved November 12, 2007, from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/piaget.htm   

Behavioral Anchored Rating Scale Essay

Methods of performance appraisal: Traditional method Traditional method of performance appraisal has been used by companies for very long time. A common feature of these methods is they are all relatively simple and involve appraisal by one senior. 1. Check list method In this method the senior, the boss is given a list of questions about the junior. These questions are followed by check boxes. The superior has to put a tick mark in any one of the boxes. This method can be explained with the following ex. Does the employee have leadership qualities Yes No A questioner containing questions is given to the senior. This method is an extremely simple method and does not involve a lot of time. The same set of questioners can be given foe every employee so that there is uniformity in selecting employee. 2. Confidential report This method is very popular in government departments to appraise IAS officers and other high level officials. In this method the senior or the boss writes a report about the junior giving him details about the performance about the employee. The +ve and – ve traits, responsibilities handled on the job and recommendations for future incentives or promotions. The report is kept highly confidential and access to the report is limited. 3. Critical incident method In this method critical or important incidents which have taken place on this job are noted down along with employee’s behavior and reaction in all these situations. Both +ve and –ve incidents are mentioned. This is followed by an analysis of the person, his abilities and talent, recommendations for the future incentives and promotions. 4. Ranking method In this method ranks are given to employees based on their performance. There are different methods of ranking employees. †¢Simple ranking method †¢Alternate ranking method †¢Paired comparison method Simple ranking method Simple ranking method refers to ranks in serial order from the best employee e.g. If we have to rank 10 best employees we start with the first best employee and give him the first rank this is followed by the 2nd best and so on until all 10 have been given ranks. Alternate ranking In this method the serial alternates between the best and the worst employee. The best employee is given rank 1and then we move to the worst employee and give him rank 10 again to 2nd best employee and give him rank 2 and so on. Paired comparison In this method each and every person is the group, department or team is compared with every other person in the team/group/department. The comparison is made on certain criteria and finally ranks are given. This method is superior because it compares each and every person on certain qualities and provides a ranking on that basis. 5. Graphic rating scale Graphic rating scale refers to using specific factors to appraise people. The entire appraisal is presented in the form of a chart. The chart contains certain columns which indicate qualities which are being appraised and other columns which specify the rank to be given. The senior has to put a tick mark for a particular quality along with the ranking. Such charts are prepared for every employee. According to the department in which they work. Sometimes the qualities which are judged may change depending upon the department. 6. Narrated essay In this method the senior or the boss is supposed to write a narrative essay describing the qualities of his junior. He may describe the employees strength and weakness, analytical abilities etc. the narrative essay ends with a recommendation for future promotion or for future incentives. Modern methods Modern methods of appraisal are being increasingly used by companies. Now days one of the striving feature that appraisal involves is, the opinion of many people about the employee and in some cases psychological test are used to analyze the ability of employee. These methods are as follows 1. Assessment centers Assessment centers are places where the employee’s are assessed on certain qualities talents and skills which they possess. This method is used for selection as well as for appraisal. The people who attend assessment centers are given management games, psychological test, puzzles, questioners about different management related situations etc. based on their performance in these test and games appraisal is done. 2. Management by objective This method was given by Petter Druckard in 1974. It was intended to be a method of group decision making. It can be use for performance appraisal also. In this method all members of the department starting from the lowest level employee to the highest level employee together discus, fix target goals to be achieved, plan for achieving these goals and work together to achieve them. The seniors in the department get an opportunity to observe their junior- group efforts, communication skills, knowledge levels, interest levels etc. based on this appraisal is done. 3. Behavioral anchored rating scale In this method the appraisal is done to test the attitude of the employee towards his job. Normally people with +ve approach or attitude view and perform their job differently as compared to people with a –ve approach. 4. Human resource audit/accounting In this method the expenditure on the employee is compared with the income received due to the efforts of the employee. A comparison is made to find out the utility of the employee to the organization. The appraisal informs the employee about his contribution to the company and what is expected in future. 5. 360* appraisal In this method of appraisal and all round approach is adopted. Feedback about the employee is taken from the employee himself, his superiors, his juniors, his colleagues, customers he deals with, financial institutions and other people he deals with etc. Based on all these observations an appraisal is made and feedback is given. This is one of the most popular methods.

Work Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Work Psychology - Essay Example It may comprise of competences and qualifications that a person needs to perform a job. The personal specification and job description that the author refers in this case is that of appointing the European Social Fund Programme Coordinator. This is a particularly vital position in the company and management should be extremely keen during appointment. This is a critical task since it covers the central area of London and requires the person that the management appoints to carry out challenging programmes (Matthewman, Rose, and Hetherington, 2009). The person that the management appoints should have qualities such as the ability to convince, skill, and motivate individuals. They should have relevant qualifications and work experience in the field. This personal specification is sufficient since it provides all the details that match this job. It should incorporate meticulous details of the level of qualification and experience that is necessary. Importance of using job analysis Job an alysis is a valuable method that managers have employed to access information concerning this job of project coordinator. It is a process through which they acquire information concerning responsibilities, skills, and work environment of a job. It is a process that demands them to collect a lot of information to emerge with the right conclusion on the requirements. The process is extremely valuable in preparation of both job specification and description. It enables managers to hire the appropriate coordinator who will facilitate delivery of the European Social Fund programmes in the organization. This leads to proper utilization of the resources of and hence leading to success of the organization. Job analysis aids management to select the best candidate who will deliver the necessary information to young people (Arnold, 2005). This will ensure that the project achieves its target of reaching young people who have many issues that require support. Methods of using job analysis Job analysis is decidedly vital in an organization since it impacts directly on productivity of an organization. The human resource department should be thoroughly keen when deciding the method that an organization should adopt for job analysis. There are various ways of conducting job analysis that managers can adopt. These include conducting interviews, questionnaires, incident investigations, gathering background information, and observation (Matthewman, Rose, and Hetherington, 2009). These methods provide reliable information concerning job description and various specifications for the available job opportunities. The human resources professionals should adopt several of these methods to enhance credibility of the information. The most appropriate method for this job is conducting interviews. This is an ideal method because a panel of interviewers examines the candidates physically. This enables them to acquire all the relevant qualities that they need for the job opportunities ava ilable (Nankervis, Compton, and Morrissey, 2009). Methods of Personnel Selection This is the process that organizations adopt to promote or hire individuals. It mainly focuses on selection of appropriate workers in an organization. The most reliable methods of Personnel Selection that the Organizations should adopt include work sample tests, situational and competency based structural interviews, and cognitive ability. They are the one that are available in this case where selection of a program coordinator is the key issue. These methods are the best since they provide a high level of validity (Nankervis, Compton, and Morrissey, 2009). The management adopts appropriate means of appointing the Program

Elements of Success in Lloyds TSBs Total Rewards Programme Assignment

Elements of Success in Lloyds TSBs Total Rewards Programme - Assignment Example Online banking at Lloyds TSB offers a multitude of opportunities for customers, giving a more streamlined and much faster method of banking, which in turn facilitates an employee's ability to do his or her job. In the process of expansion, the company has combined with Xbridge, the UK's leading online business finance analyst to develop Lloyds TSB Commercial Finance, the biggest brand for commercial finance in the online medium. The most recent programme introduced within the company to improve business practices is called Total Reward, and its basic principles call for more than a financial package as an employee incentive. It calls for non-financial rewards such as the opportunity to develop skills and have input into the work schedule. What are the elements that make up Total Reward and how do they apply to Lloyds TSB Total Reward is defined as a programme that "brings learning and development together with aspects of the working environment into the benefit package" (CIPD, 2005). The concept is that when employees are included in organisational decisions, they will feel more connected and more responsible for improving the working environment. ... 2. Non-financial rewards, including recognition, opportunities to develop skills, upper-level opportunities and increased quality of work day. In Total Reward it is necessary to align HR and business needs with employee needs, acknowledging tangible and intangible rewards within the wider context of work experience. It is a new program, not fully embraced in the marketplace (CIPD, 2005). The concept is that when employees are included in organisational decisions, they will feel more connected and more responsible for improving the working environment. Because relatively few companies in the UK are successfully operating flexible benefits plans, there is no off-the-shelf package that companies can begin using immediately. The question here is the way in which Lloyds TSB is utilizing Total Rewards. What obstacles, if any, are they facing as they build a new programme for their company Management as a Balancing Act In today's employment market, a broader view of how to acquire and retain the best employees is no longer a matter of simply offering a competitive salary and benefits. A business that keeps up with current needs and new procedures has an advantage. Management has to know how to implement the employee pool in a way that creates harmony throughout the company (Hay Group, 2005). In addition, the public must feel that their interests are being addressed in the best possible way. This balancing act is difficult to achieve, but if the company is willing to learn from past mistakes and meet new challenges as they arise, a workable system can be achieved. Has Lloyds TSB Bank plc evolved in a way that will keep their organisation in a growth mode, keeping up with changes as they occur The ongoing debate is where to draw the line between personal

Science Fiction & Fantasy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Science Fiction & Fantasy - Essay Example Still others have pointed to Tolkien’s wonderfully descriptive term ‘eucatastrophe’ as a means of both describing the ending of the tale as well as to highlight a theme that runs throughout the novel. Political concepts related to the novel have abounded, including everything from an examination of the relationship of steward/king to kingdom and an analogy drawn between the events of the trilogy and the personalities of Joseph Stalin and the West. While this tendency to analyze the work from such isolated viewpoints reveals a wealth of detailed information, the practice also promotes a sense that that trilogy is little more than a pastiche of fragments. However, each of these elements – religion, environment, ‘eucatastrophe’ and the political question of a king vs. a steward – can be seen to provide an important detail that contributes to the cohesiveness of the work as a whole. The overall Christian concept of original sin and the fall of man, especially as it is emphasized within the Catholic tradition, is first suggested in the greater ability of the race of hobbits to resist the pull of the One Ring over that of the humans, who have presumably already fallen out of the Garden of Eden and therefore have already demonstrated a greater susceptibility to evil. This is primarily shown through the quick seduction of Isildur and then Boromir by the ring versus the slow working of it upon Frodo and even Bilbo. However, the hobbits remain connected, however distantly, with humans and are susceptible to the ring if exposed to it for long periods of time, which is exemplified in the Gollum and traced through the effect seen on even good hobbits such as Bilbo and Frodo Baggins. The idea that mankind has fallen is also illustrated in the near-collapsed state of Gondor, a once-great nation, as well as the sad state of affairs to be found in Rohan. The nations of men are about to collapse

Talent Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Talent Management - Essay Example The emergence of technology, particularly the Internet, makes this process even easier, as companies worldwide are now recruiting via the Internet ("Leadership Advantage"). The Cayman Islands, for example, recruit people from various nationalities to join the international organizations on their islands. The Cayman Islands have clearly benefited from doing so, as they form the fifth largest financial centre in the world, with over 5,945 registered companies in the financial industry (Cayman Islands Chamber of Commerce). Furthermore, some of the current senior managers are headed for retirement, so it is important to have a new younger generation of fully competent persons for the future. It is expensive to always re-hire and re-train. Therefore, managing the talent already available within the organization is crucial (Sullivan 2005). Duttagupta (2005) has established a framework for managing talent. The process includes executive assessment, effective recruiting, coaching, providing feedback, mentoring, empowering, leadership assessment and development, as well as creation of a rewards system. The HRD as part of its business strategy may organize a company retreat for a weekend, perhaps at a hotel, where all the managers get together and assesses the organization's "current and future strat

Organizational Research and Theory Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Organizational and Theory - Research Paper Example Hence this remains a pivotal understanding that environments do shape up the organizations and vice versa (organizations shaping environments) because these are inter-linked and bring the value that is envisaged from their domains. What is even more interesting here is the fact that the organizational environment is the embodiment of how an organization would try to inculcate its culture amongst the people who work within its folds and the ones who are externally linked with it, i.e. the stakeholders, customers and the third party middlemen. Thus there is immense linkage happening at different perspectives and positions. In this paper, an effort has been made to comprehend how the organizational environment brings value and how both the organizations and the environments shape up each other, while discussing the basis of coalitions and their pertinent contexts. Also professional understanding of the issues that explain the basis of the organizations and the reason as to how these org anizations are strategically related with their environments is made note of. Managing the organizational change and the transformation processes are deemed as very significant for gaining an understanding that is related with the organizational environments. If these change elements are not producing the value quotient that is expected out of them, then this could mean serious issues coming to the reckoning of all and sundry. If however these change elements are shaping up the organizational environments then this is a totally unique and different matter altogether. What remains to be seen is how the change discussions center on the organizational environments and what are the aftereffects of the changing scenarios that are taking place within an organizational context (Macher, 2009). If the company believes in manifesting change but not in drawing up an environment which is true to its employees and indeed the entire organization, then this would mean merely working towards changi ng but not properly bringing in any successful areas within the change premise of the organizational environments. If however the change is in-depth and has a long-lasting value and ramification for the organizational environment, then this change has happened for the wellness of the company and it must be appreciated across the board. The need is to remain one step ahead and be proactive about the dealings of the organizational environments so that change is a vital element and not something that happens on its own. Organizational change is indeed the changing over or transformation of cultural and social values as well as the human linkages over a period of time. This time duration usually depends upon a host of factors which essentially makes up the organizational change in essence. They key features of the organizational change are that it takes place on a constant basis and is proactive for most of its undertaking. It is brought forward by an organizational intent yet its plann ing phases are not decided by anyone. Within an organizational context, the environment is very important because it is the environment itself that shapes up actions and behaviors on part of both the employees and the top management realms in the organization. If the environment

Social problems in American society Research Paper

Social problems in American society - Research Paper Example   In normal circumstances, it is only the police and a few dignitaries that are licensed to possess guns. However, with the increasing insecurity, citizens have pushed the government to allow them own guns, since they feel the police do not offer them timely protection. Amidst the requests, they have been concerned about how well the citizens are going to use the firearms once allowed. In as much as such possession is meant to minimize on insecurity, there are fears that it might increase vulnerability instead. The people who are authorized to possess firearms are under an oath to use them only when it is necessary. However, extending such a privilege to the citizens may increase their misuse and hence making America even more insecure.TerrorismThe United States of America has been the target for terrorism since time immemorial. The target has been due to their international operations, some which are humanitarian and others to protect their interests Mooney, Knox & Schacht, 2014). The country has faced some terrorist attack, both on their local and global investments. Terrorism has diverse effects on the economy and more especially on foreign investments. Terrorists usually target a productive economic zone, to destroy not only property but also people. Considering the destruction done, it takes quite some time, or even never, to recover from the losses. Once investors realize that a region is prone to terrorist attacks, they shy from establishing the investments, and hence affecting economic growth.  

Imagine that you are living in colonial America. Write a LETTER either Essay

Imagine that you are living in colonial America. Write a LETTER either supporting or condemning the activities - Essay Example The price of tobacco has declined due to constant wars and we are facing cutthroat commercial competition from Maryland and the Carolinas. Moreover the English manufactured products are high priced and so we can’t afford to buy them. All these cause serious problems that our very basic existence will be difficult if the situation continues. Mr. Bacon’s hostile attitude has taken the lives of our so many of our colleagues. In his expedition to our villages he ruthlessly plunders our homes and destroys our cultivated lands. Mr. Bacon knows that it is not we who are behind the slashing of the prices of tobacco products. We too do suffer terribly from this and still made scapegoats of this ill-fated incident. Our only request to the Queen is to call back Mr. Bacon and provide us the opportunity to live peacefully in our own

Groundwork Preparation for Wet Mounts Essay Example for Free

Groundwork Preparation for Wet Mounts Essay Through processes know as wet mounts and simple stains, observing living microorganisms through a compound microscope can generate a clearer understanding of their appearances and movements. Microorganisms are living things that for the most part cannot be seen through the naked eye. They live on and among humans, as well as plants, animals, and all that is a part of the Earth. Harmless as most seem to be to humans, microorganisms are an important relevance of study for human interest in varied perplexities and can dictate a human lifes progress or deterioration; thus the significance to humans is vital (Talaro 6). The discovery of the microscope introduced a new branch of science called microbiology. The microscope, a major instrument in this realm of study makes it possible to observe, acknowledge, and clarify implications of meaning to the study of organisms. In preparing for two basic observations, a wet mount and a simple stain, living microorganisms can be seen clearer through a simple stain and by using a drop of water, movements of microorganisms are varied. A smear is when a spreading of bacteria is made on a slide for viewing. A simple stain is when a method of observation of a living organism is smeared on a slide with one stain during a procedure. A wet mount is where a research method of an organism or organisms is placed on a slide with fluid. The microorganisms can then move freely. On the laboratory research completed January 30, 2006 using a wet mount example and a simple stain instruction the following items were used to obtain the visibility of microorganisms moving through slides using two kinds of avenues. The first was a wet mount. The following items and instructions were used to obtain optimum examination of organisms: 1.) Add one drop dH20 on center of slide. 2.) Dip wireloop in pond water. 3.) Smear wireloop sample on slide. 4.) Place cover slip over smear. 5.) Observe slide under 4x, 10x, and 40x. Results At 40x: The bacteria is an algae type of species. One reason would be is to differentiate between true mobility of an organism and a Brownian movement which is considered a movement caused of the moles  while the liquid is thumping an entity or causing the entity to tremble or recoil. When this slide was viewed on a 4x and 10x under microscope small bacteria could be seen as several dots but at 40x, those dots became one huge light brown bacterium that had still several smaller bacteria inside of it. The objective for the wet mount examination and the simple stain slide observation is to determine size, shape, arrangement, and mobility of cells. The reasoning the two materials are to determine what happens when dye instead of water is used in determining the size and shape of bacteria (Granato 4). The usage of oil immersion magnifies this process. The example of the pond water for the wet mount sample lets the examinee see bacterium that has lived in H20 for a certain amount of time whereas the SA plate is in a gel-like substance. The methods applied for a simple stain using an SA plate to examine the bacteria in it were the following: 1.) drop of dh20, 2.) Take sample from SA plate 3.) Heat fixate. Cool slide afterwards, 4.) Add one drop of Methxylene Blue for 30 seconds, 5. Wash smear gently w/dH20 from the slide, 6.) Remove excess water, and 7.) Observe under 4x, 10x, 40x, and then 100x with oil immersion. Results at 100x: Under oil immersion the specimens are easily seen as varied and elongated. The extension from one to another is quite extensive. Although while viewing the specimen during the simple staining process, I wasnt sure what type of bacteria it was. The fact Methxylene Blue was added instead of just H20 and of course adding the oil because it was magnified at 100x, the specimen were numerous in size and shape. The pond water algae seemed lifeless and didnt move either by themselves nor because water had hit them. The implication and significance of these two processes of examination are vital to experience a step forward in the world of studying microorganisms. What was viewed during these examination places an actual visual understanding about life not seen by the naked eye. The experience unknown to me demonstrates a passage which will now emphasize a greater  understanding of the world of microbes. Works Cited Granato, Paul A., Helen Eckel Mizer, and Josefine A. Morello. Laboratory ManualAnd Workbook in Microbiology: Applications to Patient Care. New York:McGraw Publishing. 2006. 5th Edition. Talaro, Kathleen Park. Foundations in Microbiology: Basic Principles. New York:McGraw Publishing. 2005. 5th Edition.

Economic Man Or Homo Economicus Business Essay

Economic Man Or Homo Economicus Business Essay Job design is a term that is widely used in the management of todays modern organizations structure as a strategy to increase their profitability and productivity. Daft, et al., 2010 It is mainly concerned with the process of planning, setting up and organizing systematic tasks within the organization according to the organizations needs and employees capability. In order for the strategy to be effective and efficient, management put the responsibility to their employees and explains how the implementation process of their organization work arrangement will be in their management system. (DuBrin, 2008) Virtual organization is an association that exists but cannot be physically seen by the naked eye. Its a concept that changed in line with the current vast developments. (Burn, J., et al., 2012) The virtual organization is very flexible and responsive because it does not necessarily require an office to operate but the existence of this virtual organization can be felt and experienced throughout the business process. Thurow (2011) states that business processes refers to the networking system used along the production process which conducted virtually through the way of communicating using electronic devices as the main telecommunication form. According to Parker, Craig and Craig (2008), matrix structured organization has the advantage of giving the opportunity for the top management to develop their skills in conducting and managing project-based strategy as well as gaining experience. It also practices a decentralization decision-making system that encouraging improvements of employees self motivation level as they have the chance to make decisions and act independently. Matrix structure organization also creates the flexibility of cross-communication system in exchanging information and ideas among the team members from different departments which can helps on saving time and cost. ( Gido and Clemens, 2008) Chain of command function as an organization system that showing how the operational and management within the organization works in a systematical manner to ensure efficient flow of work activities. It clarifies the organization reporting system between the subordinates to their superior which resulting as the unity of command. (Madura, 2007) According to Lunenburg and Ornstein (2011), it signifies the continues line of authority from the top managerial position to the lowest levels of an organization that showing the distinctive status, roles, responsibility, and the rights inherit in varies positions of the organization itself. Question 14 Maslows need theory consist of physiology needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Each level must be completely fulfilled before moving on to the next level. (Robbins, 2009) Physiology needs refers to our physical needs. Safety needs are needs of safety and security. Both levels are the low-order needs that can be satisfied internally. The high-order needs that can be satisfied internally are the social needs that seek for love and affection, then the esteem needs that refer to the needs of self-esteem and lastly the self actualization which is the needs of becoming fully matured human. (Shajahan, 2007) Question 7 Scientific management mainly focuses on the application of scientific method of study and also analysis into a problem which occur during management. Scientific Management basically referring on understands what one wants his subordinates to do and see it to be done efficiently and effectively. (Sahni and Pardeep, 2010) According to Murugan (2007), among the principles of scientific management are Science not rule of Thumb, scientific training and development of workers, close cooperation between employees and manager, equal division of works and also responsibility, maximum prosperity of employer and employee and mental revolutions. Question 15 Hackman and Oldhams Job Characteristics Model consists of five characteristic such as skill variety which means variety increases when overcome new problems each day and implementing various skills in completing tasks. Secondly, task identity, where employees working performances is acknowledgeable. Third, task significant is where an employee contributes positive result to the company. Fourth, autonomy is where the employees are given the freedom in planning while carrying out tasks. Lastly, the feedback where there will be an evaluation on employees performance in order to improve any deficiency. (Daft and Marcic, 2010) The application of these characteristic may increase the productivity and produces more motivated and productive the employees. Question 13 Montana and Charnov states the Expectancy Theory of motivation was proposed by Victor Vroom, a business school professor. The theory is more on the individual goal which focuses more on outcomes and their expectations while achieving it. (Jex and Britt, 2008) Employees are able to receive rewards according to his or her performance while working. The theorys method will keep the employees motivated at all times as they hold their personal expectations of the rewards. (Montana and Charnov, 2008) The expectancy of increasing effort by the employees will lead to the increment of performance which will increase the productivity and positive result. Question 10 According to Wright (2010), Hawthorne studies were first attempted by Elton Mayo showing how lighting affected the employees working performance. But it shows that the physical conditions of the workplace do not influence the performance or motivation. In his finding, taking interest in all individual was enough to increase their work efficiency and output. Hence, the Hawthorne Experiment continues to show its result from time to time. Companies which value their employees ideas and opinions will result a higher standard of achievement. (Wong, 2010) This will also increase the ability and self esteem of the employees. Thus, increase their performance and productivity while working. Question 12 Montana and Charnov (2008), states the theory of X and Y was proposed by Douglas McGregor. In theory X, managers will assume that their employees are less ambitious, less responsible, dislike their job and prefer to wait for instructions rather than to lead a task. Managers with theory X are stricter and may threaten their employees to motivate them. But manager who holds the theory Y will assume that the employees are more responsible, willing to do work, more creative and self-directed. Thus, in theory Y the managers will not control much on their employees because they believe that employees are capable to perform well. (Shermerhorn, 2011) Question 16 The effectiveness of an organization internal communication can be improved through creating forum site on social websites such as Facebook and Twitter for discussion related to a matter. (Heath, 2005) Furthermore, any perceptions and ideas proposed by the employees should be considered and not being excluded in order to improve good relationship with other teamwork. Next, employers and employees should also instill proactive attitude to ask when in doubts related to a matter in order to avoid conflicts and distorted message. Lastly, employees should be train on communication skills to improve their self-esteem and communicating potential. (Quirke, 2012) Question 5 Public sectors are basically a bureaucratic government-based organization which normally focusing more on providing services to public rather than making profit. (Lienert, 2009) A simple example of a public sector organization is the government hospitals. The organization emphasizes more on accommodating the health service to the community by providing free to low-cost medical aid. However, privates sectors are non-government owned organization and runs on the main motive on making profit. (Rees and Porter, 2008) For example, supermarket such as Tesco and Carrefour in Malaysia are operated by private enterprises and not the government. Question 6 Planning stage is one of the functional approaches involved in the management process. According to Schwalbe (2006), it concerns activities such as setting goals and objectives of the work in an effort to keep it on track throughout the operation process. Next step would be, create and considering relevant strategies to achieve goals effectively. At last, the final step is simulating plans to coordinate and objectify activities in various possible ways it can succeed. (Lewis, et al., 2006) Within this stage, it requires a lot of critically thinking creativity and innovative aspects from that individual to come out with a radical and quantum ideas. Question 9 Fordism is a term that was named after an American entrepreneur; Henry Ford which was the founder of Ford Motor Company. (Schhlosser and Simonson, 2009) Fordism is a philosophy of manufacturing that being conducted based on the Taylorism theory that emphasizes in machine and efficiency of employees working performance. Fordism philosophy aimed to increase the productivity and reduce costs by adjusting output, set the installation process in phases, and dividing the work into small tasks according to employees expertise. (Blyton and Jenkins, 2007) The effectiveness of the philosophy enables an organization to maximize their profit and performance. Question 11 Personality is an influential matter that affecting a persons decision. It is developed through their education, ways of socialization and nurturing since they were a child.

Malpractice Or Poor Judgement? :: essays research papers

Malpractice or Poor Judgement?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The practice of medicine has never claimed to be an exact science. In fact, it is very much a hit-and-miss situation. Taking into account these above factors, India seems to be on a destructive trend regarding their level of health care. Ever since private medical services fell under the Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) in April 1993, the number of malpractice suits filed against doctors has begun to soar. For example, in Kerala, approximately 1800 cases (15% of the total number of cases) have been filed. As Dr. Dipak Banerjee of the Indian Medical Association puts it: â€Å"It's degenerating into a kind of witch-hunt.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For years the community of doctors across India was immune to charges of malpractice, but the tide has begun to turn. Doctors are now having to dish out larger sums of money in order to insure themselves adequately. Insurance companies have caught on as well, raising the price of malpractice insurance on most doctors. For instance, a doctor who would have had to pay Rs. 125 annually now has to pay up to Rs. 1500. These costs will only be passed along to the patients in the long run, and the condition is only going to worsen. Take for example the United States, where surgeons annually pay an average of $75,000 on insurance premiums. On top of these premiums, doctors who practice very defensively add as much as $21 billion US to the health care bill every year. Twenty percent of the tests prescribed by doctors were not necessary, but they are the result of defensive practising by doctors who do not want to be held liable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This condition, already appearing in India, could become the downfall of their present health care industry. Doctors are being forced to â€Å"look upon every patient as a potential litigant.† There is likely going to be a tremendous rise in the cost of treatment as doctors begin this new wave of defensive practising, in which a series of expensive tests are carried out before any diagnosis is made. Quoting Dr. Chockalingam (Chairman of the Indian Chapter of Royal College of Surgeons), â€Å"If a patient comes with a headache we may now order a CT scan lest we miss a brain tumour... We now have to see whether a patient comes alone for consultation or brings along his advocate.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This problem could lead, and has led, to many others. Doctors may shun complicated cases where risk is high due to the delicate nature of the procedure, so as not to be hauled to court. This refusal to treat patients has already

The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity Essay -- essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christianity is becoming extinct. In order for it to continue on it must modernize its beliefs. The average Christian is white, middle class and is from Europe or America. The religion of Islam is expanding quickly and will soon dominate Christianity. These are all common claims made about Christianity that many people believe, yet Philip Jenkins claims and proves them untrue in his book, The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity. According to his book, Christianity is moving out of the global north and into the global south. In fact, Christianity is growing rapidly in countries such as Africa, Asia, and Latin America. He also writes about how Africa and Brazil will, within the next fifty years, replace Europe as the center of Christianity. Both of these countries have been heavily missionized within that past hundred years, and the number of Christians in each has raised millions. The expansion growth in these countries is due primarily to their high reproduction rates and their hunger for the Christian beliefs that the missionaries brought with them. Jenkins says in this book that the missionaries faced no problems trying to explain about a higher deity or other â€Å"bafflingly alien world views† to the Africans, because it followed closely with many of their own tribal beliefs. Many of the tribes worshiped one higher power already and also found that many of the Christian beliefs fell in sync with t heir own heritage and customs. They did though, encounter one problem: the beliefs fell so in sync with their tribal traditions, that eventually the African culture started to incorporate their customs such as exorcism, dream visions, prophesy, healing, and mysticism into their Christian churches, creating an entire sub group of Christianity. These sub groups are closely related to the more Pentecostal churches, but are far from the ritualistic practices of the Anglicans and Catholics that primarily missionized them. Pentecostal churches, because of the resurgence in countries such as Africa and Brazil will soon be the dominant Christian sects. They strongly emphasize views about personal relationships with God, biblical literism, speaking in tongues, visions and prophesy just as the African churches do. The Pentecostal church tends to mainly attract the poor or lower class of society, which also happens to be what Bra... ...nto the thought that religious wars may occur, be he completely left out the ideas that the Islamic nation, being known for terrorism and other such acts of violence, could potentially eliminate Christianity from any form of mainstream. This is a serious topic to think about considering what they have done to other religions, and to Christian sects residing in the Middle East. I think Jenkins should have presented this as more of an issue and an actual threat then claiming that it might cause slight conflict. The book unquestionably had some strengths and some weaknesses. I believe the information that Jenkins provided was extremely well established and proven. This is exactly the type of information that people need to know, because the truth is being denied. I think for the book to be effective, it needs to be laid out better. I wouldn’t recommend this book to anyone besides a theological scholar due to the manner that it flows, even though it has very good reviews and is on best seller lists for Christian books. I commend Jenkins for going against the flow and writing against the average beliefs, but admonish him for writing the information in such an incomprehensible manner.

Investigation of the Polar Dinosaur Essays -- Exploratory Essays Resea

Investigation of the Polar Dinosaur Today we know through the evidence of fossils that dinosaur and other large reptiles once lived on every continent on earth. If you were a paleontologist in charge of finding fossils where would you look first? In the search for evidence the icy continent of Antarctica would be perhaps the last continent you would think to search. However, during the last twenty years a remarkable number of prehistoric fossils have been found in regions close to the South Pole. Beginning in 1960 with an expedition lead by a man named Spitzbergen, fossilized footprints from non-avian dinosaur showed the region once had a drastically different climate. In the years that followed more fossilized remains were collected in costly expeditions, often to remote areas near the north and South Pole. However, each find can present unique information about physiological adaptations various forms of life made to polar latitude temperatures during the Mesozoic era. An article â€Å"Polar Dinosaurs† by Thomas H. Rich in Science, published in February of 2002, explores the fossil evidence and presents the following ideas about the environment and the types of creatures who lived and adapted to the seasonal conditions present at these polar latitudes. The ice fields of the North Slope of Alaska we know today are thought to have had temperatures ranging from 13-2 degrees Celsius during the Cretaceous period. This hypothesis is based on evidence from flowering plants, and leaf fossils found from the late Cretaceous found in the region. So life around the poles existed in a climate similar to that of Portland, Oregon, which has a mean temperature of 12 degrees, and may have gotten as cold as Alberta Canada’s average of ... ...uld have probably been impossible for life in the Antarctic where a large seaway eventually developed cutting southeastern Australia from Antarctica. The investigation of polar dinosaurs continues with the excavation of a new site in northern Alaska near the Colville River. Paleontologists have discovered a huge, 100 km, slab of rock that spans the last 40 million years of the Mesozoic era. Exploration of this site through tunneling is believed to present a more extensive record of polar dinosaurs as they were over the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. (1) Works Cited 1) Rich, T.H., P. Vickers-Rich & R.A. Gangloff, February 2002, Polar Dinosaurs. Science 295:979-980. 2) Mayell, Hillary, Researchers Melt Polar Dinosaur Mysteries, National Geographic, Febuary 2002, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/02/0225_0225_polardinos.html

Department Stores

A department store is a retail establishment preferring wide range of commodities, usually including ready-to-wear apparel, fashion goods, beauty necessities, yard and household goods and further on. Numerous department in which it is divided such as merchandising, advertising, marketing, services, accounting and financial department usually handle it. The first department store in the retailing history was Bennett’s in Derby, it opened in 1734 and it remains in the same building since it’s opening. The origin of department stores is related to the industrial revolution in the 19th century and the growth of a consumer society.A wealthy class was growing, dragging with a constantly changing fashion, which created an enabling environment for the expansion of stores in that area. Today, department stores are mainly part of a retailing chain, usually a main department store is located in strategic area of a big city and the others are all around the city, country or sometim es the world. But we can still find independent retailers. â€Å" Vision without action is a day dream. Action without vision is a nightmare. † – Japanese proverb. This applies to marketing. Indeed, establishing a procedure in marketing without planning it in advance will lead to ruin.Before initiation, a plan should be well prepared from it’s begging to its end leaving to chance any step. For a successful marketing plan the contractors have to initially think about the aim. All factors must be taken into consideration before starting the procedure. JC Penney’s case is a relevant example. When the American department store launched its new pricing strategy consisting in the suppression of discounts, heavy promotions, coupons and replacing it by every day low price. The chief executive underestimated the importance granted by costumers to sale and special discounts, which made its plan a big failure.In the fashion industry, when a company needs to launch a new product or line they develop a marketing plan. These plans explain the strategy that will be followed and the details of the procedure in order to legitimize the costs, which will be implied on the company. We can count the main type of marketing plans: the strategic one, where the decision is up to the senior management and the plan is designed to achieve a long-range goal (at least five years), for example a ?10 billion investment plan for Japan’s premier department store, Isetan Shinjuku, based in Tokyo.The outlet has been completely redesigned and transformed into a fashion museum presenting a combination of art, music and films while maintaining its primary function as a department store. The second type is the functional planning, which is a short-term plan up and is up to the middle mangers in key business areas but supervised by front line mangers.This is the kind of marketing planning is used during the Christmas period with the window displays in the biggest de partment stores, such as Galleries Lafayette in Paris or Selfridges in London, they team up with fashion houses and designers for displays with recurring themes including architecture, fairy-tales and scale play. We can also count the operational planning, a short-term action plan developed by supervisors or front-line mangers to accomplish a specific goal, for example: the case Macy’s plan to open on thanksgiving, while all of its competitors are closed on that day.The goal here is to be the only department store open, generate a tremendous profit in one day. Finally, there is the contingency plan, aiming to get a back up plan ready to cope an anticipated situation if it ever occurs. All of these plans need to be efficiently prepared step by step. According to Phillip Kotler, there are six essential steps for a successful planning. The first one is the situational analysis, where the company examines the Macro forces to highlight its strength and weaknesses. Although these f actors can play in the favour of the company, sometimes they can also be barriers in the smooth running of a project.Then comes objectives setting, in order to set its objectives a company have to take into consideration it's stakeholders, company reputation, technology and other matters of concern. Then, once the goals are set a timetable has to be held to avoid any mishaps. Then the strategy, by choosing which strategy will be pursued to complete the task successfully. The company then sets its mode of action and the path that will be followed during the project. After that comes the tactics, this step is meant to plan what is called in marketing the 4Ps (product, price, place, promotion) but also to schedule the strategy into a calendar.And finally the controls, which lasts throughout the project, since it aims to ensure the effective conduct of each part of the marketing plan and if not then find a solution to remedy the situation. All of these plans differ from one company to a nother according to its positioning goal. The positioning of a company is what distinguishes it from its competitors, so the ideas in costumers mind when they think about that company. As we can see in the perceptual positioning map above, the customers may see department stores that sell the same product as different.Thereby, the Italian department store, Rinascente, is considered as one of the most fashionable department stores across the world. However, the German department store Kadewe which is ranked equally fashionable is perceived as more luxurious while Debenhams despite the fact that the fashion perception it granted is as high as the two previous stores its luxury perception is lower than both of them. Nowadays, these marketing plans include immense use of technology to improve and facilitate their performance. â€Å"Information technology and business are becoming inextricably interwoven.I don’t think anybody can talk meaningfully about one without talking about the other. † – Bill Gates. Reaching that goal is made possible by the numerous advantages of technology. One of them is social media. Based on telecommunication and social interaction, it is the best way to disclose information and to advertise, but in the same time get live feed back about it. Indeed, markets behaviour is changing, how they are known for talking but not listening and now a new strategy is being implemented known as buzz monitoring. This consists of tracking relevant conversations through the Internet that will allow the  company to get an idea about its level of popularity amongst people, but also what comes to their mind when they think about it. However, a scientifically developed panel is still more effective than social media listening to gather data but then social media is more relevant because costumers are discussing with each other. Indeed, they don’t always trust what the company says to them since it is a part of their strategy to o nly reveal the best about it self, but costumers will talk about their experience and what they honestly think about it as they don’t have any interest in hiding the truth.The beauty department store Sephora belongs to those who knew how to make profit from social networks. Indeed, it manifests its presence in all of the most popular social medias – such as Facebook, micro blogging as Twitter, photo-sharing websites as Pintrest, smartphone photo-sharing application as Instagram, video-sharing websites as YouTube and further more. It takes advantage by finding the purposes other than advertising and buzz monitoring.The department store figured out that customers want beauty advices and tutorials both in store and online, so it started sharing experts’ knowledge and guidance, which will then boost sales. It also promotes loyalty programmes via social medias, offering exclusivities to followers which was obviously a successful marketing plan to gain followers since they count more than 5 million fans on Facebook and more than 1. 8 million followers on Google+. But technology is not used by department stores only for advertising and maintaining a relationship with customers; it is also used for selling purposes.E-shopping makes life easier by a greater availability of products, constant sales and discounts and international shipping. However, the relevance of department stores websites for shopping is still questionable. Indeed, when a retailer selects a brand to work with, it can’t also select the products that will be displayed under that partnership and the brand won’t display all of its collections in the department store. Since then, when it comes to online shopping the brand’s own website is more attractive as there are considerably more options.In the pictures below we can see the example of Adidas and Galleries Lafayette – the French department store- website. While the retailer only sells four bags for both men and women, in the brand website customers can shop up to 218 bags and that’s only for women. The maintenance of this relationship between the business and the customer is based on the principal of communication. Communication is the process of transferring information between senders and receivers, using one or more written, oral, visual, or electronic media.â€Å"The art of communication is the language of leadership.† – James Humes Whatever the idea one person has, even if it is the greatest ever, it won’t be useful for the company if the person doesn’t know how to communicate it, how to explain it and make other people understand what it means. Whether addressing to a superior or an employee if there is a misunderstanding the project will be doomed to failure. Also, for some positions in the workplace one needs to deal with costumers who don’t have the same level of expertise, in such situations good communication skills will be usef ul to explain intricate things in a simple way.Likewise, the higher the hierarchical position, the lower are the technical skill requirements and the greater are the good communication skill needs. This is explained by the fact that important positions implies dealing with more important people, who are more punctilious when it comes to the way you talk or behave near them. Tough, to be an effective communicator it is necessary to master the different stages of the communication process: To manage this process successfully a behavioural equilibrium has to be found.There are three main types of behaviours: Passive Behaviour involves saying nothing in a response, keeping feelings to yourself, hiding feelings from others, and perhaps even hiding your feelings from yourself. Aggressive Behaviour involves expressing your feelings indirectly through insults, sarcasm, labels, put-downs, and hostile statements and actions. And the third type is Assertive behaviour, which is a balance betwee n both of the preceding behaviours. It involves describing your feelings, thoughts, opinions, and preferences directly to another person in an honest and appropriate way that respects both you and the other person.It is the latter, that is most recommended to adapt in the workplace. Then, the sender needs to decide which communication tool is the most suitable one to the audience and the situation. When it comes to business-to-business communication e-mails are faster, efficient and direct. They say enough without saying too much. While Faxes mark certain indifference since they are limited to the strict minimum. Usually, they should be accompanied with a phone call to give further information or at least show interest from the sender’s part to the receiver.Phone calls can also be used for other purposes; it is a good way to show concern but also to show respect. This leads us to the audience-centred approach which consists in getting to know the audience we are dealing with which is known as the  «you  » attitude. This ability to relate to the need of the others is one of the keys of success of manager leaders. It works both in the Business-to-Business communication and Business-to-Customer communication. In the example below, we can see the example of an advertising campaign of the French department store Galleries Lafayette.The model on the signboard is dressed like the  « perfect  » Parisian, with the beret, the white top and blue pair of jean’s and in addition to amplify the French spirit, on the foreground of the scenery an accordion is shown. All of this staging is meant to flatter Parisian, which are proud of their identity and make them feel that the department store is made for them. Communication skills may also be useful when it comes to marketing communication. Marketing communication is defined as the media tool used to reach a market; it refers to the promotion part of the â€Å"marketing mix† and the â€Å"four Psà ¢â‚¬  (Price, place, product and promotion).It also refers to the different strategies used while making the promotion of a certain product. The marketing process is divided in five steps: Here, marketing communication starts in the second stage and goes until the fourth one and its primary purpose is to create value for customers and build customer relationship because without customers a company has no reason to exist. To achieve that goal numerous tools can be used. Advertising is one of them, provides a direct line of communication to your existing and prospective customers about your product or service.As here for example, with Harvey Nichols advertising campaign called THE NEW BREED which plays on the luxury stereotype of the handbag dog replacing the traditional Chihuahua by a bull terrier to promote its new involvement into an accessible fashion  « The new breed  ». Public relation is also a tool of marketing communication. Building and keeping good relationships with m edia is important for the brand/store’s image and reputation. But the art of good public relation also involves being able to manage successfully and adverse publicity.Another tool is sales promotions, commonly used to increase sales in short term, it attracts new customers interested in lower price, which can later become loyal customers depending on their experience in the department store. For example, the British department store Selfridges runs every year  « Christmas comes early  », which consists in Christmas sales earlier than its competitors so it can attract its concurrent customers since they can do their Christmas shopping earlier without paying the high price.To make their promotion, companies use more and more direct mail, which consist in an e-mail address of the receiver by its name and selling him products destined for its target group depending on information the company collected about him in its database. The Internet marketing – as seen previou sly – also used very much by retailers to sell and promote their products. Sponsorship is a form of indirect marketing that consists of paying an organisation, which will use your brand logo and this way generate publicity.Below are Macy’s areas of sponsorships in 2011 according to IEG Research. Competition in the retailing world has very quickly grown during the last century. Today, to face the concurrence retailers resort to strategies aiming to bring them to the top. To reach that aim different tools are used and mainly communication that builds relationship between department store, stockholders, partners, employees and customers.

Medical and Environmental Electronic Devices Corporation Essay

Background Medical and Environmental Electronic devices corporation was founded in 1959. Initially the core business was related to applications in medical device technology. The company started new business of Environmental control applications and achieved its current name in 1964. By 1979, MEED achieved 31% market share in its market area. MEED’s competitors had only 20% and11% shares. MEED has headquarters 21 countries around the world including Westland and Michigan. Integrated Circuit Group was set up MEED to meet its need for the customized circuits as semi-conductor industry is shrinking due to the backward integration of major competitors, redirections and acquisitions. Hallmarks of MEED culture were ambiguity, freedom, flexibility, risk taking and a supportive attitude towards employees. There was no formal planning in MEED or even firs loosely coordinated companywide plan was undertaken in 1980. Sales were growing at 30% per year for t he last five years, topped $1 billion in 1979. Profits for 1979 were $107 million. Tom Duglass is the manager of MEED since 1977. ICG is experiencing a shortage of human resource and is only providing 5-8% of MEED’s annual demand. New plant set by ICG is also experiencing problem in startup. The HRD Department headed by Barbara Hamlin is unable to fulfill their duty of providing the human resource which is required for the sound working of ICG. Employee’s profile Tom Douglas Group manager Dom Raffaelli Manager, ICG Advanced design Les Hogan Manager, ICG material Kenny Lash Manager of operations, ICG plant Barbara Hamlin Director, Human Resource Development and planning Qualitative facts The Jackson Michigan, manufacturing plant, which began operation in July 1979, was still experiencing difficulties in start-up and it was now the beginning of 1980. Barbara Hamlin in HRDP position was in charge for the forecast of the IC Group’s human resource needs, with special attention to professional and managerial personnel and to design and implement programs to meet those needs. MEED designed, manufactured, sold and serviced complex medical and environmental control systems. The labor market was exceedingly tight for exempt employees, especially the highly trained engineers critical too ICG’s work. MEED’s culture was unstructured, informal; make it happen, rapid growth, positive approach towards people. There was no emphasis on formal planning Douglas sought to reorient ICG recruiting toward meeting needs with existing employees and recent college graduates. Given the MEED culture, it was also unreasonable to except that any one program manager would remain long enough to see one component through its entire life. Materials acquisition function was divided into two groups an operation group that focused on such functions as production purchasing and a strategic group that deal with the commodity managements, IC Group manufacturing and custom projects. In the past a buyer in the operations group could become a supervisor in operations, now a buyer had the additional option of staying with the acquisition but moving to a job in a strategic group The greater attention to manpower planning might have led MEED to locate ICG closer to the major sources of trained engineers, or perhaps even to recast its plan to enter the semiconductor industry. Employee mobility need at MEED also made planning difficult. According to  personnel policy, an exempt employee was considered movable after he or she had been in a job for one year. Bosses and subord inates found it difficult to conduct regular performance appraisals; they were supposed to be conducted at least once a year as part of an employee’s salary review. Quantitative facts Medical and Environmental Electronic Devices Corporation was founded in 1959 Sales, growing at more than 30% per year for the last five years, topped $1 billion in 1979; profiles for 1979 were $107 million. The goal was to ensure that by FY1985, 50% of professional hires would be new college graduates. At the beginning of 1980, Ambrose’s group had openings for two out of five supervisory positions, and 13 out of 37 subordinate engineering slots. In 1980, ICG had 623 employees (plus 8 staff personnel), and 106 open positions to be filed. Annual turnover, while not high by industry standards, was running close to 10% among exempt and 20% among non exempts. The average number of employees for 1979 totaled 24,900 and another were expected to be hired as MEED continued its rapid growth during fiscal 1980. Starting as an idea and a group of 5 people in 1972, ICG had 66 people in 1975, but began its real growth in 1977, reaching 448 employees at the beginning of fiscal year 1980. ICG was only manufacturing 5% to 8% of MEEDS semiconductor needs instead of the 20% planned. It took about 3 years of work at ICG for a college graduate be fully trained, but by working with these colleges to develop programs and by providing equipment and dollar donations, ICG hoped to shorten on-the-job training to 1-1/2 years. A week lost could mean approximately $100,000 lost in profit before taxes for MEED. Core Problem The main issue that MEED was facing was that there was an urgent need that there was no formal planning due to which there was a need for the company to make a proper amendments in HRM of the company and to make policies and procedures and implement them effectively as there was a shortage of Human Resource management at all levels at MEED. They were not having specialized engineers and managers in the required numbers is affecting the corporation. There was a significant problem in attracting engineers capable of the state of the art work that ICG technology demanded. The option of simply hiring  in good people now met resistance from those who pointed out that there were no free slots for these people until the growth actually took place. An estimation was made that IC group’s exempt attrition would rise to an average of 15% per year and non exempt to 35% unless the group improved its recruitment, career development, performance, appraisals and promotion practices. ICG would need 241 hires in order to bring the employee total up to the target for the end of FY 1980. If we look at the exhibits 4 and 5 it could be observed that Barbara is at a very lower level in the hierarchy, and is given vey less authority. If a separate HR department is created with giving all HR responsibilities to the HR department than possibly all most the problems could be solved. Other problems Recommendations Repositioning of Barbara Hamlin in organizational structure We think that she should report directly to Dave Bertram, the president of MEED’s to minimize the distortion between them and Barbara can stamp the authority and she will not have to take approvals from group heads. She is the one who have identified the problems in the system so she should be able to exercise authority so she can solve the problems. Having the backing of the president of MEED’s, people will know that she is a credible source of high authority and she should be followed. Once there is clarity in chain of command, then Barbara should concentrate in making of new human resource department which will include recruitment and selection, compensation and appraisal, training and development which is not addressed in the company till now. Hiring the right people Problem of ICG can be solved as there is low performance by the managers and engineers are working as managers and company don’t have to hire right workforce and as a result they are performing at the top level. Supply of efficient workforce is also limited; that is also one of the reasons engineers are working as managers. Moreover, it is told in the case study that other companies have made collaborations with universities and they  hire their technical staff and engineers automatically after they graduate. It is best for both student and company because student will get job immediately after he graduates and company can get fresh graduates that are fit for the organization. In exhibit 8, it is written â€Å"at institutes, we work with real projects†; that means student can get a taste of professional life and projects even when they are students. Good compensation to retain employees The employment industry of China is very competitive. In order to get best results in the company, company should be able to retain the right employees who are worth it. HR department should make organized and intelligent decision in retaining particular employees. As it is written in the case that giving $1000 a month and working for 20 years has become a standard of industry. Other than that, when an individual leaves the job, he or she gets a 30% pay rise on an average; that means when labor in the market start doing job hopping it will take employees pays up automatically. Standardize the operating procedure The first and foremost step that Barbara needs to take is that she should make procedure same for everyone. For e.g. in this case it was written that managers thought HRD is just for training the employees. So, Barbara should start working and should make everything formal including job analysis, job description, training & development and compensation plans. Employees should have awareness of HR department of the company and employees should know clearly that what are they required to do. Once HR department comes in and take steps to make things formal; then company’s environment will also become professional as it is desired by HR department. Training and development Company is not very serious about the training of the employees as position of management development is vacant from some time. Training is only given to manufacturing department in the company but it should be also offered to the designing department of the company. Training of design department will lead to more innovative designs and less flaws in the system. Exit interviews When an employees is leaving the company; he just have to go but one thing that company can do extra is the exit interviews; as company can get a new point of view of the employee about the flaws of the company and how they can be improved. Cause of leaving company should be asked from the employees that also point out significant errors in the company’s operations. Analysis of exhibits If we compare FY80, 81 and the current year in association to number of employees (exempt and non exempt) to the departments (advanced design, manufacturing and material) it could be clearly seen that currently there is a decrease in the number of employees in comparison to the year 80 and 81.Currently there are 6 managers in advanced design, 11 in manufacturing and 6 in material, where as in the FY 1980 there were 30 managers and 1981 there were 47. Moreover, in the advanced design there are currently 97 employees with 116 in 1980 and 150 in 1981. In manufacturing currently 322, 1980 there were 564 and in 1981 there were 854. In the materials currently they have 204 employees in comparison to 1980 where there were 266 and in 1981 there were 425. Overall a decrease in number of employees could be observed. Exhibit 2 talks about the hiring requirements projections. The exhibit depicts the year period. It could be clearly seen that for all the three departments in association to the years there was an increasing trend. Exhibit 3 talks about the financials of 10 years from (1970 to 1979). It could be clearly seen that there was an increase in sales net income and stockholders’ equity of MEED since the 7 year period. Though the sales were not steady but and increasing trend is observed.

Examine the Changes in Location and Development of Tourism Activities Essay

The changes in location and development of tourism activities over the past 50 years can be linked to advantages in air travel, economic growth and the development of technology linked to the internet dangers in the type and availability of accommodation for tourism has also been responsible for changes in the development of tourism activities. Population growth must also be considered when explaining changes in the development of tourism. Booking flights and hotels is now much easier. You can use a travel agent, but increasingly more people are going online to book their own flights and hotels and flights either directly or through agents. It is also possible to look at customer reviews so you can assess the quality of hotels, tours, etc. As communication and transport improved, more people hear about and travel to new places. At the same time that new destinations are discovered, more and more people are going on holidays on these places. Improved communication has not only made booking holidays easier, it has also meant people can now keep in contact much easier while abroad. This has removed the worry from many families. You can now update your status on Twitter or Facebook or send e-mail or texts to family letting them know where you are or what are you doing. It is now just as easy to communicate with your family half way around the world as it is from the next street. English is slowly become an international language – it is the most widely spoken second language. As the number of English speakers increase, more and more people are confident about going on holiday and knowing that they will be able to communicate. As the tourism industry develops the amount of multilingual guides is also increasing so it is possible to visit a foreign country and go on a tour in your native language. Even with the on-going global economic downturn, the world economy is growing. This economic growth is being led by the so called emerging economies e.g. China, Russia and India. With economic growth ore individuals are removed from poverty and are able to afford to go on holiday. People can afford holidays when there disposable income increases. Disposable income is the amount of money left over after all bills are paid for. Over the past 50 years the relative cost of transport has fallen and the ease of moving between countries has increased. Car ownership has increased, new train networks have been built and new airports opened. In the last decade low-cost airlines have emerged and increased tourism. Low-cost airlines offer cheaper flights that normal airlines by removing added extras like airport check-in, in-flight meals, checked baggage and seat selection. The growth of transport has meant people can go on more holidays and also go on shorter holidays (weekend breaks). We are now saturated with advertising on billboards, in magazines, on TV and increasingly online. These adverts make us aware of new destinations and persuade us to visit new places. There has also been a growth of TV programs just about holiday destinations. The emergence of credit cards has made it much easier to pay for holidays and it has made it easier for people to buy things once on holiday. Credit cards can be used to pay for hotels and flights online and can be used to pay for things on holiday or take local currency out of ATMs. Credit cars remove the worry of carrying large amounts of money and the time of exchanging currencies. In conclusion, the growth and changes in location of the tourism in the last 50 years it is caused by thing that went occurring by the pass of the year but the most important is the technology that it grows allot in the last 50 years. The tourism grow because booking flight and hotels is now much more easier, the communication improved so now the people can keep in contact being in any country in the world, the transport is better and cheaper, credit cards has made it much easier to pay for holidays.

“Night” by Elie Wiesel Essay

Have you ever been separated from your family? What if living wasn’t guaranteed? The holocaust killed over eleven million people. The purpose of the holocaust was to eliminate the entire Jewish race. In Night, by Elie Wiesel, Elie and his family were separated. Elie was forced to take care of his father while his mother and sister were killed. The Jews’ freedom, identity, and sense of hope were taken from them to make the Jews feel less than human. Is freedom really free? In Night, they lost their freedom when the Germans made a new edict that stated, â€Å"All Jews are prohibited from leaving their house for three days under penalty of death (page 10). † Also, the Germans stated that, â€Å"From this moment on, you [Jews] are under the authority of the German Army (pages 23-24)†. Without the Jews’ freedom they couldn’t fight back. With that in mind, the Germans took away the Jews’ sense of hope as well. In order to do this, however, the Germans practically starved all the Jews to death; â€Å"At that moment in time, all that mattered to me was my daily bowl of soup and crust of stale bread (page 52). † The Germans also killed most of the Jews for little things like backtalk, taking an extra ration of food, or pilfering from the kitchen. To make the Jews feel less than human, the Germans took away their identities. They did this by taking away their name and referring to them as only a number. They even tattooed that number onto their skin. This was so the Jews would not forget that the Germans were of more value then they were, and that Germans were worth more than just a number and worth more then Jewish people in general. Another way was by placing them all in one type of surrounding (concentration camps). Also by forcing them all to wear a yellow star to show the world that they were â€Å"Jews†. By doing that they were hoping to eventually break them down and make them feel ashamed for being Jewish. This is what the Jewish people went through, and the hardships every single Jew must go through to, hopefully, see the sun tomorrow. Freedom is of no use anymore. Identity has vanished into thin air. The Jews’ sense of hope turned into ashes along with them. If you were there, in Elie’s shoes, would you want to keep on living?

Alternative Dispute Resolution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alternative Dispute Resolution - Assignment Example Mediation and arbitration are applicable in different scenarios and have a number of advantages and disadvantages as the discussion below portrays. Litigation refers to the use of courts in resolving conflicts. An aggrieved party initiates the process by reporting a matter at the law enforcement agencies who in turn investigate arrest and prosecute the suspect. The nature of litigations varies depending on the rules and laws in every jurisdiction. Litigations are systematic and strive to uphold justice for both the victim and suspect. Ligations are appropriate in a number of circumstances. They are useful in high stake cases. Political conflicts, murder cases, defamation and economic conflicts among companies always end up in courts owing to the intensity of the conflicts and the seriousness of the damages that victims incur from such cases. Key among the advantages of litigations is the fact that the proceedings are systematic. As explained earlier, litigations begin with investigations (Kerley, Joanne and Paul 78). In every stage, the law enforcers among other parties involved such as the prosecutors must always uphold the di ctates of the law that help protect the interests of both the victim and the suspect. Proving a case beyond reasonable doubt makes litigations just and fair. The judges or jury must consider the evidence and the witnesses’ accounts as they make their determination. Miranda rights and the right to appeal help enhance the quality of the justice system since it provides both the victim and the suspect with a number of basic privileges that enhance the exhaustively of the investigations and the quality of the court proceedings in order to improve the quality of justice. In case a defendant is not satisfied with the ruling, such individuals have the rights to appeal the rulings and the courts of appeal must institute appropriate benches and rehear the cases. Despite the numerous advantages,

Jennifers Company of Routinely Administering Honesty Tests Essay

Jennifers Company of Routinely Administering Honesty Tests - Essay Example 1). Whereas honesty testing can be helpful in the hiring process, it should never be the only instrument used to determine the suitability for hiring a prospective employee. They are not always right in every case, just like every other test. Furthermore, their results can be misinterpreted. In fact, they are illegal in Massachusetts and Rhode Island because of their controversial nature (PsychTests, 2009). For any business who has ever hired someone they later fired for stealing, failing a random drug test, or failing to show up to work on time, these tests can prove to be a valuable tool. They can help reduce the chances of these problems occurring by a significant proportion (PsychTests, 2009). Before hiring someone, it is important that a company like Carter Cleaning Centers know how much integrity, reliability, and work ethic the prospective applicant possesses. It is also important to know if they have a substance abuse problem. According to employee surveys, the following startling facts reveal just how big a problem it can be: It is interesting, yet sad, that many ... 31% abuse drugs or alcohol (Honesty Testing, 2009, pg. 1) It is interesting, yet sad, that many businesses fail because of their employees' actions. Millions claim that they were stolen out of business by their employees. Higher-rank employees tend to steal more or to steal items of higher value or embezzle more cash, while lower-ranking employees tend to steal less or to steal items that are of lower value (Honesty Testing, 2009). It is difficult to stop the problem, mainly because certain questions cannot be asked. According to Honesty Testing (2009, pg. 1), "Increasing lawsuits have made it extremely difficult, even illegal for you to ask important questions to determine the integrity of a job candidate. Past employers can be held liable for information they give you. If you choose to avoid hiring suspicious candidates, can you prove that you did not discriminate In the absence of objective data, it is often impossible to demonstrate that your decision was made objectively, without regard to gender, race, age, etc. There are other assessment tools that can help weed out potential problem employees. They help to reduce your risk and select the best employees. They help to stop the following types of common employee problems: Unauthorized use of the Internet Using company email for personal use Disclosing private and restricted computer data Theft of office supplies and other company property Clocking in or out for other employees Revealing confidential information and/or trade secrets to outsiders Inventory shrinkage Carelessness Unexcused absences Tardiness Drug use Sub-par job performance Fraud Job-hopping (Honesty Testing, 2009) Survey reports can include a multitude of checks. One company

Have infant and toddler educational videos impacted quality parental Research Paper

Have infant and toddler educational videos impacted quality parental interaction - Research Paper Example As a result, television becomes not only their favorite pastime, but a tool for learning. With the impact of television among the children aged 2, which almost takes over the lives of these children, their development, the biggest concern is their involvement with their parents, which weakens due to time they spend watching TV (Courage & Setliff, 2009). Videos and television have become the contemporary educators, which, some analysts argue, have taken over the role of parents for these children. This essay shall undertake an analytical research to assess the declining ability of the parents to act as the educators and trainers of their children and how most of them have been reduced to mere ‘watchmen’. The essay shall incorporate the works of numerous analysts and researchers in the quest to assess the validity and application of the title of the work in today’s society. In the research compiled by Garrison and Christakis (2005), many toddlers are addicted to videos in one way or another, especially the ones that teach them new songs, how to read, and how to play various forms of music. Most of the parents also do not have time to play with their children and teach them new games, an aspect that reduces the toddler to learning new games from the frequent programs, and videos aired on television and films related to play for the toddlers. An encouragement of the parents to allocate time for their children especially for play means that the kind of interaction present in the two parties is actually doubtful. To clarify the intensity of the problem facing the toddlers who need ‘touch’ from their parents, videos have been produced that relate to the toddlers. These videos consist of colors, games, words and letters that provide the basis for introduction to toddler education. Though some analysts are of the opinion that

Job opportunities in the deaf community Research Paper

Job opportunities in the deaf community - Research Paper Example This paper delves into job opportunities in the deaf community. The deaf community has its own employment or job resources and opportunities to help the deaf as well as hearing people who are seeking employment opportunities that are related to deafness. It is worth noting that employment opportunities in the deaf community are near similar to other communities. This is because this community requires almost similar types of goods and services (Padden and Tom 33). The first type of job in the deaf community is teaching jobs that are essential in facilitating education in the community. The second one is that of interpreters who help in aiding communication between hearing people and deaf people. The other type of job opportunity in deaf community is captioning – captioning jobs have gained prominence in the deaf community especially because laws of many countries have called for captioning in the broadcasting (Andrews, Leigh and Tammy 106). Captioning entails displaying text or non-speech elements on visual display such as video or television to provide interpretive or additional information to deaf people. There is also the job of speech language pathologists and audiologists who are essential in providing healthcare services to the deaf. They diagnose, monitor, and treat disorders of the vestibular and auditory system (Padden and Tom 71). Psychologists also have opportunity to work in this community. For instance, counseling and clinical psychologists can provide psychological services for deaf people of all ages in mental health clinics and hospitals such as, assessment, therapy and counseling. Social workers are also required in the deaf community and this is because they provide a broad range of services to the deaf individuals. The knowledge and skills developed by the social workers prepare the deaf for career opportunities in addition to empowering them to know their rights (Berke

Econometrix Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Econometrix - Assignment Example Test for Significance of Coefficient In order to test the significance of the coefficient, the following hypotheses have been drawn. Ho: The coefficient is equal to zero H1: The coefficient is greater than zero Test Statistics In order to test the significance of the coefficient of Age, t statistic is needed to be calculated. Formula In the given case, the estimated coefficient may be referred as ?Age = 0.043 while the Standard error for ?Age = 0.003. Therefore, Now for the given data set the t tabulated value had been found using the degree of freedom in the given case is 21600 – 3= 21597. The significance level for the test is 1%. The t critical value for the given data is found to be 2.326 (Allison, 1991). Decision Rule The Null hypothesis is rejected if t calculated is greater than t tabulated. Conclusion Since the t calculated value is greater than the t tabulated value i.e. 14.3333>2.326, hence the criteria suggests rejecting the null hypothesis. So it can be concluded t hat the coefficient value is not equal to zero. 1b. The equation required for the desired calculation is In the given case, Age= 30 years Size= 100 employees Therefore, the earnings calculated for the given age and size is equal to 7.337 pounds (Belsley, Kuh & Welsch, 2005). 1c) It depends as it sounds logical that a person with higher education would be earning greater than the one who has less education. Therefore, assuming that bigger organizations hire more educated people, it may be assumed that on average there is less probability that an organization employees older people. Omitting education in case if it is related to age was necessary to rule out the chances of error caused due to the correlation existing between age and education as an increase in age is termed to be negatively associated with education. Thus the model would have implied the issue of multicollinearity. When variables are extremely correlated, the variability explained exclusively by the single variables c an be minor despite the fact that the variation explicated by the variables brought together is great. (Wooldridge, 2012). d. Model 2 (2.430) (0.053) (0.285) The sample size is 83, while R2 is 0.036 1d) By and large, with an increase in sample size, the estimated values tend to be better predictor of the population parameters. Therefore, with each additional observation that is admitted in the sample, the amount of information increases and that additional information usually aids in providing better statistics. Thus if the model provides a better estimating results, the standard errors will be reduced. The model 1 has been framed using an extensively large size of sample while model 2 has eliminated the general public and has enlisted only a specified fragment of the whole population resulting in a decreased size of sample. This ultimately targets the standard errors as they are increased due to the declined size of the sample. This contemplates the information that larger samples will bring forth more accurate estimates of the coefficients’ in a regression analysis (Aiken & West, 1991). e) Hypothesis testing for model 1 Where k=3, N= 21600 while R2=0.025 (Aiken & West, 1991) Calculating the F statistic Let the level of significance be 0.05, the F critical value in that case will be 2.6. Since the F calculated value is less than the F critical, hence,

Tambour embriodery work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tambour embriodery work - Essay Example The origins of tambour work are traced to the 18th Century where it grew into a favourite pastime for women. Being a new form of embroidery, the technique was preferred due to it being an exotic form of stitchery (Embroiderersguildwa.org, 2014). The finest attires stitched through this technique were traded all over Europe from Britain to France and in Asiatic countries such as India and Persia. In Turkey and India, tambour embroiderers used metal threads to stitch their fabric. Turkey, specifically, used tambour work to make covers used in ceremonial household events, as it was a status symbol (Embroiderersguildwa.org, 2014). The Indians of Peru, on the other hand, developed their work without the use of a frame; also known as coarse chain embroidery. The popularity of tambour work grew in leaps and bounds because of the Napoleonic wars. These wars made it difficult for people to obtain fashionable French laces and they had to settle for tambour laces. It was further adopted in Britain after an Italian established his tambour embroidery shop in Edinburgh (Thetextileblog, 2014). Its popularity grew further after the invention of a machine that would manufacture tambour fabric on a larger scale. There was massive production of ‘sprigged muslin’ and other tambour

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example The explanation as to why people behave the way they do can be different according to the perspectives of different people because they are not from a single factor of the environment but various issues in the wider organisation. Organisational behaviour is a field of study that explains the impact the different things that a person undertakes in an organisation and how they affect the relationships between them and others. This explains why individuals, groups and structures within an organisation have a great impact on the on employees and employers and the impact on the performance of the organisation. Organisational behaviour explains the effectiveness of the organisation as effects of the conduct of any individual in the organisation in doing various things that are in accordance to their mandate. This concept is used in determining the different things into which an organisation can engage so that it can improve its performance and increase its productivity and profitability. T he analysis of different relationships, the organisational culture and organisational structure of Coca Cola and comparing them with those of the PepsiCo gives an insight into the importance of these aspects of an organisation to its performance. Organisations adopt different theories that help them to establish their businesses in various areas and with prediction that it will have profitability in the future. Methodology In explaining organisational culture and structure, there are various theories that explain the kind of systems that could exist in and organisation because these determine relationships that exists between different members of the society. To help to understand the relationship that exists in a company, using the Leavitt’s model will be necessary because it explains how different systems in the organisation relate and enhance productivity in it (Brooks, 2003, p. 133). This relates the technological, structural and individuals and their roles in developing the strategies that are likely to enhance development of the people (see appendix 1). Weisbord Six-Box Model is one of the common models that will enhance the understanding of the different factors that exist in Coca Cola Company and they interact to influence performance. The model will be helpful to analyse the various incentives, rewards, and plans that a company has that helps individuals to perform well in it (Mullins, 2005, p.508). The other model that will be important in analysis of organisational behaviour by focusing on organisational structure and culture is the McKinsey 7S framework. Robert H. Waterman, Jr. and Tom Peters developed the model to help in monitoring internal changes in an organisation to explain performance potentials of an organisation. This model of analysis provides seven factors that mutually interrelate to influence the performance of individuals in the organisation and therefore, affect the outcomes of a company’s investment in a venture. The 7 S that correlate to produce a properly performing organisation with motivated employees include strategy, skills, structure, style, staff, systems and subordinate goals, which are also known as shared goals (See appendix 2). This model will help to understand the various interrelationships that happen to Coca Cola Company as an operational company within the market. Burke-Litwin model of organisation performance and change relates either the internal and external factors that affect positively or negatively the performance of